Notice catalographique « Paper and water : a guide for conservators »

• Banik, Gerhard
• Bruckle, Irene

Contents:

1 Relevant Chemistry

Basic principles

Covalent and ionic bonding

Electronegativity

Hydrogen bonding

Van der Waals forces

Carbon and glucose

2 Properties of Water

Molecular structure

Surface tension

Viscosity

Volatility

Aggregate states of water

Dissolution/dissolving ability

Solubility of organic liquids in water

Ionic components in natural water

Hardness of water

Water purification

Purified water in paper conservation

3 Dissociation of Water: Acids and Bases

Dissociation of water

Acids and bases

The hydronium ion (H3O+)

Strength of acids and bases

The pH concept

The pH of salt solutions

Buffer solutions - the carbonate buffer

4 Structure and Properties of Dry and Wet Paper

Cellulose structure

States of water absorption in cellulose

Gel and hysteresis properties of cellulose

The structure of dry and wet paper

The porosity of paper

The strength of paper in relation to its moisture content

Using the paper model

5 Effect of Pulp Processing on Paper-Water Interactions

The native fibre

Chemical processes

Effect of chemical processing on fibre composition

Effect of chemical processing on fibre porosity

Effect of chemical processing on fibre reactivity

Beating and refining

6 Effect of Sizing on Paper-Water Interactions

Sizing technologies

Surface sizing with gelatine

Gelatine sizing in relation to paper properties

Internal sizing with rosin

Rosin sizing in relation to paper properties

Internal reactive sizing agents

Reactive sizing in relation to paper properties

Properties of sized paper in general

7 Paper Drying in the Manufacturing Process

Water removal in paper manufacturing

Drying of individual lignocellulosic fibres

Drying of the fibrous network

Network shrinkage from fibre shrinkage

Structural factors that control shrinkage

Drying of the web in papermaking

Historical drying of paper

Rewetting and humidity response of paper

8 Paper Ageing and the Influence of Water

Major changes in paper with ageing

Cellulose chain-breaking reactions

Discolouration reactions

The study of paper ageing

Stabilization of paper

9 The Introduction of Water into Paper

Humidity

Humidity and paper

Liquid water and paper

Water transport mechanisms in paper

Paper in humid environments

Water introduction as conservation treatment

Paper and liquid water plus wetting agents

Factors influencing water absorbency of paper objects

10 The Rate of Discolouration Removal from Paper by Washing

The nature of discoloured material in paper

Paper washing compared with textile washing

Diffusion and mass transfer

Moving discolouration out of paper

Effect of paper thickness on washing rate

Effect of treatment duration on washing rate

Effect of temperature on washing rate

Effect of previous moisture content on washing rate

Effect of surfactants on washing rate

Effect of deacidification on washing rate

11 Washing Paper in Conservation

Background

Washing principles

Preparatory considerations

Washing treatments

Immersion washing

Float washing

Blotter washing

Suction table washing

Combining washing methods

Treatment evaluation

12 Aqueous Deacidification of Paper

Ion-exchange properties of fibres

Deacidification principles

The chemistry of deacidification solutions

The alkalinity of deacidification solutions

Alkaline reserve

Protective effects of alkaline earth carbonates

Specification of aqueous deacidification processes

Practical considerations

Evaluating deacidification treatment

13 Drying Paper in Conservation Practice

Water removal in papermaking and conservation

Principles of drying

Effects of free air-drying on sheet dimensional qualities

Preparatory considerations before conservation drying

Restraint-free or air-drying

Modified air-drying

Restraint-drying by pressure in a stack

Restraint-drying by pressure in a stack enforced by friction

Lateral restraint-drying

Restraint-drying by pressure in a stack under enforced air flow

Considerations for drying paper objects

14 Aqueous Treatment in Context

Considering risk and benefit of aqueous treatment

Focus on risk factors

Consideration of scientific principles in treatment decision-making

Strategizing conservation decision-making

• Cellulose - Chemistry
• Water - Chemistry
• Paper
• Water
• Cellulose - Chimie
• Papier
• Eau
• Eau - Chimie